There are actually three main ones that dogs have...There are others that are prone to cats but dogs can also get them....
Sarcoptic mange is the first, it is also known in people as scabies. Dogs with Sarcoptic will dig and bite at themselves all the time. Signs of sarcoptic mange are crusty ear tips, major itching, hair loss and a bad smell to the body. They pick it up from other infected animals, and the ground. You have to make sure to wash anything your dog comes in contact with. This is the hard one because it can get in your carpet, your car seats....As Shint said NASTY STUFF....But can be cured!!!!
Second is Demodex (Red Mange) it lives in the hair follicle. The mites are in the mother's hair follicles. They crawl from the mother to the pups while the pups are nursing, (they can get it in the first 3 to 4 days of life). Puppies are more susceptible to outbreaks of mange because of the low immune systems. Older dogs can still have an outbreak later in life.
This type of mange is not an inherited disease! Mange is caused by mites, an inproper immune system is what is inherited.
The last one is Cheyletiella mites also known as "walking dandruff". It will look like dandruff and if you watch it, it will look like the dandruff walks around.
It is not as common but can also get on people.